Neutral Electrolyzed Water

Preface

NEW^© (Neutral Electrolyzed Water) is an all-natural, organic, non-toxic, non-irritant, environmentally and ecologically safe sanitizing and disinfecting solution. It is produced from the electrochemical reaction of water, salt and electricity. The applications for this technology are infinite and include any process requiring a sterilizing, disinfecting, cleaning or water purification facility.

NEW^© is revolutionizing sanitization and disinfection in the food industry. Not only does this product provide a ‘Green’ solution to help protect the nation’s food supply, it is in line with the American public’s concern over escalating food product recalls and their growing demand for the industry to move quickly to implement more safe and natural products.

NEW^© offers many advantages over traditional chemical technologies, including:

• safety
• superior disinfection performance
• removal of biofilm
• a more stable, longer-lasting chlorine residual
• enhanced micro flocculation (reduction in turbidity)
• improved taste and odor
• oxidation of iron, manganese and hydrogen sulfide

The primary component of NEW^© is hypochlorous acid, the most effective element of chlorine.  NEW^© is pH neutral, super-oxidized water generated by electrolysis of a dilute NaCl solution passing through an electrolytic cell. This process creates large volumes of a gentle but extremely potent antimicrobial solution capable of rapid reduction of bacteria, viruses, spores, cysts, scale and biofilm. NEW^© is stable, cost-effective to produce, greener than traditional chemical technologies, and can be used in multiple applications across a wide variety of industries.

NEW^© is an oxidizing agent due to a mixture of free radicals, giving it an antimicrobial effect. Studies have shown that NEW^© is highly biocidal and can substantially reduce pathogens such as Salmonella and E. coli without the use of costly toxic chemicals. In addition, it offers the added benefits of being able to remove biofilm and scale from manufacturing equipment, thus, greatly minimizing a major contributor to contamination problems.

Because NEW^© effectively destroys microorganisms, they cannot build up resistance to NEW^© as they can to other sanitizers and disinfectants. Standard toxic chemicals can create strains of pathogens that become resistant over time, because the cell can expel or neutralize the chemical before it can kill it, thereby causing the overall efficacy of chemical cleaners and disinfectants to be significantly reduced.

Numerous applications have been identified in agricultural, food processing and retail grocery venues where the produce, poultry, meat, seafood and dairy industries are particularly impacted. NEW^© can be safely applied to food products, equipment and facilities using a variety of methods, including fogging, direct application or dosing.

The following document describes the benefits and applications of NEW^©, and describes the production of NEW^© using the Aquaox device.

Electro-Chemical-Activation of Water (Electrolyses)

A breakthrough in chemical engineering can now generate consistently high quality, pure HOCl from unassuming food grade precursors to produce the biocidal disinfectant NEW^©. The technology used to produce NEW^© is based on the electrochemical activation of water (ECA technology, described below), and has been developed in line with the world trend to reduce the amount of chemicals used to purify, disinfect or sterilize water, air or any other medium. This technology was originally designed in Russia as a disinfection process, and is currently being successfully used in Europe and Canada.

Until now, HOCl has simply been thought of as a transient byproduct in the ubiquitous chlorine chemical family. However, HOCl generated by ECA technology carries with it fewer negative hydroxides than the previous HOCl formed via disassociation from sodium hypochlorite. Because of this, ECA-generated HOCl behaves uniquely and must be considered separately from chlorine. HOCl as a stand-alone chemical, separate from chlorine, has not been available in the market until now. This breakthrough results in a need for a paradigm shift in biocidal approaches. HOCl is an “old”, well appreciated chemical but is now “new” in availability as NEW^© with possibilities and applications that many consider revolutionary.

NEW^© is manufactured through validated processes and devices in accordance with EPA and ISO standards. Not only can NEW^© be produced in large volume (making onsite production of NEW^© commercially attractive), it also has an extended shelf life as a result of using a rectified AC-voltage on the patented Electrolytic Cell.

The biocidal disinfectant produced by the Aquaox device consists of 85 – 100% NEW^©.

The general product specification of NEW^© is:

• pH 6.0 –7.0, adjustable by the operator
• Oxidation-Reduction Potential (ORP) > 900mV
• EC 5-15ppm (varies with the amount of free available chlorine)
• Free Available Chlorine (FAC) 50-500 ppm, adjustable by the operator

The active oxidizers present in NEW^© are HOCl and hypochlorite ion, OCl^–. The quantity of HOCl and OCl^– is dependent upon the pH of NEW^©.

Table 1:  Composition of NEW^©

Ingredient		CAS-No	EINICS-No	Wt/Vol %	Symbols
Sodium Chloride		7647-14-5	231-598-3	<0.26%	NaCl
Free Available Chlorine (FAC)	Hypochlorous Acid (chlorine)	7790-92-3	323-323-5	<0.05% Amount HOCl and OCl- depending on pH	HOCl
	Hypochlorite ion (sodium hypochlorite)	7681-52-9	231-668-3		OCl¯
Water		7732-18-5	231-791-2	>99.69	H2O

Electrochemical Activation (ECA) Technology

NEW^© is generated by electrolysis of a dilute NaCl solution passing through an electrolytic cell in the Aquaox devices. This process is known as Electrical Chemical Activation of water, or ECA technology. ECA technology is based on Faraday’s laws of electrolysis, and was developed by Russian scientists to combat biological contamination.

NEW^© ECA Technology involves the electrolysis of molten salts. It utilizes electrolytic cells encompassing an anode chamber separated from the cathode chamber by a unidirectional ionic ceramic diaphragm (semi-porous membrane). The electrolytic cell allows migration and separation of ions through the membrane and prevention of production of gaseous chlorine (Cl₂). By passing an electrical current through the solution, an electrochemical or oxidation-reduction (redox) process occurs, generating a number of oxidized species.

ECA Technology

An ECA electrolysis process is one in which positive and negative electrodes are submerged in a solute containing positive and negative ions.

During this process, two separate streams of activated water are produced: Anolyte and Catholyte. Positive ions (cations) are drawn towards the electron-rich negative cathode, where they receive electrons, forming Catholyte, a negatively charged antioxidant solution. At the positive anode, negative ions (anions) are attracted, which give up their additional electrons to the electron-depleted anode to form Anolyte, a positively charged oxidant solution.

The cathode area produces alkaline (high pH) reducing water. The anode area produces acidic (low pH) oxidizing water. In the generation of NEW^©, part of the negatively charged antioxidant solution formed at the cathode is channeled back into the anode chamber to produce more anolyte, thus increasing the content of hypochlorite ions, OCl^– , one of the active biocidal substances in NEW^©. By re-introducing the alkaline water back into the acidic water, any pH level up to neutral 7.0 can be created. When generated by the Aquaox device, this solution is called NEW^©. NEW^© is an oxidizing agent due to a mixture of free radicals present in the solution, and has an antimicrobial effect.

Mechanism of Action

NEW^© is composed of oxidizing biocides HOCl and OCl^–, which are general chemical oxidants. Since NEW^© consists of both HOCl and OCl^– it is believed that the bactericidal action exhibited is due to the combination of these substances. They are not selective for living organisms, but react with any oxidizable matter. However, they are bactericidal because certain bacterial cell components can react readily with them, having a higher oxidation potential than most other chemicals present in water.

The bacterial cell membrane provides the osmotic barrier for the cell, and allows the active transport of substances into the cell. The bacterial membrane itself has an electrical charge. Alternations in transmembrane potential by the anions present in NEW^© results in the rupture of the membranes and outflow of the bacterial cell contents, instantaneously destroying the cell.

NEW^© can also disrupt other functions of the cell. Unlike “higher” organisms, single celled organisms such as bacteria obtain their energy sources from the environment immediately outside the cell. Small molecules are transported across the cell membrane via an electrochemical gradient. Thus, any significant change in the ORP of the immediate environment has drastic consequences for the cell. Even if instantaneous death of the cell does not occur, all enzymatic functions in the membrane are affected and this will also result in loss of cell viability.

The mechanism of action for the eradication of various microorganisms by NEW^© is well documented by third party resources. The mode of action is as follows:

• The free ions in NEW^© rapidly react and denature proteins. For this reason, NEW^© should not be used on protein based products because it will react with and destroy the proteins.

• Once NEW^© comes in contact with a microorganism, it attacks the bacterial proteins located in the cell membranes.

• Because of the osmolarity difference (the concentration of ions in the solution versus in the cytoplasm), NEW^© induces the rupture of cell membranes, leading to cell lysis.

The high oxidation of NEW^© first damages bacteria cell walls, allowing infiltration by water. The microbe reaches capacity, causing an osmotic, or hydration, overload. The acidic fluid and water floods the cell faster than the cell can expel it, literally causing the cell to burst.

NEW^© produces a residual that continues to remain available based on bacterial demand. ORP levels can last for long periods of time depending on organic burden. Tests show that not only is NEW^© an effective sanitizer and disinfectant, but it is also sporicidal. Sporicidal tests have demonstrated that NEW^© treatment eliminates bacterial spores and biofilm.

There is a push by the American public to reduce or ban antibiotic use in food-supply animal feeding rations. Antibiotics are becoming ineffective in animals and humans, and are leading to the development of antibiotic-resistant “super bugs”. The use of NEW^© greatly reduces the need for antibiotics in animal feed rations due to the bactericidal nature of the solution. Because NEW^© effectively destroys microorganisms, they cannot build up resistance to NEW^© as they can to other sanitizers and disinfectants.

Chemistry

Patented ECA technology generates NEW^© consisting of the following known chemical species:

• Hypochlorous Acid (HOCl)
• Sodium Hypochlorite (NaClO)
• Sodium Chloride (NaCl)

In aqueous solution, hypochlorous acid partially dissociates into the anion hypochlorite ClO^–:

HOCl     OCl^– + H⁺

HOCl and OCl^– exist in a state of equilibrium:

OCl^– + H₂O    HOCl + OH^–

Cl₂ + H₂O  HOCl + Cl^– + H⁺

The relation between HOCl and OCl^– is solely dependent on pH value. The pH level of NEW^© is preferably set to ~7 to produce the highest HOCl content. HOCl and OCl^– are measured as FAC (Free Available Chlorine). The FAC compound is adjustable in NEW^© from 50 to 500ppm, which is many times less than the level currently found in most biocides, but many more times potent due to the composition of NEW^©.

HOCl and OCl^– have been shown to be the sole active substances in the biocidal effect of NEW^©. The quantity of HOCl and OCl^– formed is dependent upon the pH of NEW^©. This is in contrast to traditional electrolysis processes, which would typically result in unstable oxidized water. Electrolysis of water may produce such products as H⁺ and OH ions, H and OH radicals, H₂, O₂, HO₂, and O₃ due to redox reactions. As a result, hydrogen and ozone gas are released and a percentage of hydroxides remain in the solution in various forms including but not limited to hydrogen peroxide.

Benefits of NEW^©

NEW^© is revolutionizing sanitization and disinfection in the food industry. Not only does this product provide an organic ‘Green’ solution to help protect the nation’s food supply, it is in line with the American public’s concern over escalating food product recalls and their growing demand for the industry to move quickly to implement more safe and natural products.

The following benefits are realized with the use of NEW^©:

NEW^© is Efficient:

• NEW^© is generated on demand and applied where required to eliminate the logistical concerns of purchasing, transporting, storing, preparing and using traditional chemical applications
• The elimination of hazardous chemicals translates into reductions in regulatory paperwork, safety training requirements, safety inspections, and liability exposure
• Eliminates the need to monitor for chlorine dioxide residuals, chlorite, or bromate
• Provides more effective cleaning ability than other toxic chemicals
• The higher biocidal capacity relative to traditional chemical solutions permits the use of lower dose rates, lessening the risk for environmental impact
• The solution is less corrosive than alternate products
• Reduces the frequency of cleaning within a facility
• Allows for the disinfection of areas where toxic chemicals are not permitted

NEW^© is Effective:

• NEW^© has been demonstrated to be up to 100 times more effective than sodium hypochlorite, Extensive tests have shown that the solution has the power to kill bacteria, viruses, fungi, spores and microbial toxins
• Rapidly destroys microorganisms, scale, and biofilm
• More effective than alternate sanitation chemicals
• Can be used effectively to protect against bio-terrorism
• Reduces risk mitigation
• Allows for the marketability of a “clean” facility
• Completely safe, non-harmful, green product using only natural ingredients
• More effective sanitization than Chlorine alone
• The systems are all “plug and play” and require little adjustment

NEW^© Saves Money:

• NEW^© is cost effective due to the fact that many more deliveries of bulk chemicals are required for the same chlorine equivalent generated by a single delivery of salt, a fact that becomes even more critical as fuel costs rise
• The capital cost of the on-site Aquaox Device can often be recovered in less than a few years
• Aquaox device are depreciable assets
• A single unit produces a natural solution to supply an entire facility with numerous cost effective applications
• Eliminates the need for expensive and potentially toxic chemicals
• Reduces the costs of purchasing, transporting, storing, preparing and using traditional chemical applications
• Decreases labor requirements and costs

NEW^© Promotes Hygiene:

As part of a HACCP plan, NEW^© is aiding the food manufacturer in risk mitigation by helping to:

• Reduce microorganisms in foods including fish, fresh vegetables, poultry and meat
• Reduce disease risk in treated products
• Increase shelf life of treated products
• Break down bacterial biofilm in pipe systems
• Disinfect food processing areas
• Reduce the risk of consumer health concerns

NEW^© is Convenient:

• Onsite generation allows NEW^© to be produced on demand, 24/7
• NEW^© can be applied as it is being produced
• The systems are mobile
• Produced and applied directly from a validated system

NEW^© is Safe:

Safe for Products:

• Addresses public safety concerns
• All-natural, safe
• Non-toxic, non-hazardous
• No storage compatibility issues
• No residue to rinse
• No special disposal required
• Does not require a hazardous use permit

Safe for Users:

• No health and safety risks
• No protective gear required
• No eye or skin irritation
• Non-toxic (inhalation, ocular, cutaneous, ingestion)
• Non-hazardous
• No additional protective equipment required
• No exposure limits
• Lowers the risk of sickness and absence in the work place
• In its most concentrated form, NEW^© could be ingested without any physical harm (though not recommended)

Safe for the Environment:

• The only elements introduced into the system are water, salt and electricity, and are all safe and environmentally friendly
• No disposal precautions
• Provides opportunity to reduce water usage
• Reduces volume of wastewater
• No adaptive resistance chance for microorganisms
• No environmental impact
• Fully biodegradable
• Satisfies the demand for implementing safer and more natural food products

Comparison of NEW^© to Currently Used Technologies

In the early development of electrolyzed water, electrolytic cells were only capable of generating small volumes of acidic electrolyzed water with a limited shelf life. In recent years, neutral electrolyzed water (NEW^©) has been introduced as a stable, high-level disinfectant, which is non-corrosive and able to penetrate cell membranes more easily in comparison with other currently used technologies.

NEW^© is less toxic, less volatile, easier to handle, compatible with other water treatment chemicals, effective against biofilms and generates no by-products compared to currently used biocides. NEW^© is highly biocidal, but has a very low chemical load (measured in FAC) as compared to sodium hypochlorite, and is thus not harmful for the environment or human beings.

Because NEW^© effectively destroys microorganisms, they cannot build up resistance to NEW^© as they can to other sanitizers and disinfectants. Standard toxic chemicals can create strains of pathogens that become resistant over time, because the cell can expel or neutralize the chemical before it can kill it, thereby causing the overall efficacy of chemical cleaners and disinfectants to be significantly reduced.

NEW^© offers an environmentally sound alternative to chlorine and other oxidizing biocides. NEW^© is proven to be more effective in killing bacteria, noroviruses, molds and other microbiological organisms than Chlorine* alone and yet remains benign enough to ingest in concentrated form. (*Hydrochloride)

NEW^© is by chemical content nearly identical to the active components found in common chemical bactericidal agents. However, unlike the extremely toxic substances, such as chloramines, formaldehyde or iodine, the active components of NEW^© are non-toxic, non-irritant, biologically harmless and ecologically safe. Because of its neutral pH, NEW^© does not aggressively contribute to the corrosion of processing equipment or irritation of hands, and is more stable due to the fact that chlorine loss is significantly reduced at pH 6-9.

NEW^© has a high Oxidation-Reduction Potential (ORP, expressed in millivolts). ORP correlates to the level of sanitizing ability of treated water irrespective of the kind of disinfectant used. For example, any water which is treated to have an ORP of >500mV for more than approximately one hour would be assured of being free of E. coli, Listeria, Salmonella and other pathogens. The high ORP levels of >800 mV found in NEW^© are possible due to the elimination of caustic chemicals. This feature of NEW^© allows for a higher level of ORP than disinfectants such as Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl), for example. When caustic Sodium Hypochlorite is used, it also simultaneously raises the pH of water and thereby dramatically reduces its efficacy (ORP). When NEW^© is used, the pH of water is not raised, but is slightly lowered, and its ORP remains stable or is enhanced.

Electrochemically synthesized reagents, such as the neutral electrolyzed water of NEW^©, are gaining rapid popularity in a number of applications. Not only does this technology offer a cost-effective alternative to existing technologies, but it is also contributing to the protection of the environment. Advantages of electrochemically synthesized reagents include:

• These reagents are synthesized from diluted solutions of inorganic salts. This is in contrast to traditional chemical reagents, which are prepared by dissolving corrosive acids and alkalis
• Important parameters such as pH and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) are manipulated by variation of the salt mixture. To achieve a similar level of manipulation for traditional chemical reagents, additional chemical compounds have to be added
• Since these reagents are manufactured on-site, transportation costs are eliminated. This is in contrast to the use of traditional chemicals, which may require timely planning, purchasing and proper storage infrastructure
• Because these reagents are produced by an environmentally safe technology, there is no need for neutralization or purification prior to use as with traditional chemical technologies

All water disinfection will result in the formation of disinfection by-products. NEW^© is no exception, but has the advantage that it does not contain the hydroxl ion and will oxidize organic material to form lower levels of chlorates, thus reducing halogenated by-products. The inorganic by-products, (trihalomethanes,THMs, chlorite, chlorate and chloride ions) formed when NEW^© is used are held in balance at much lower levels. Thus, lower disinfection by-products are produced in the process, at a level of about 30% – 50% when compared with sodium hypochlorite and other oxidants.

Comparison of NEW^© to Chlorine

Chlorine is currently the most widely used oxidizing biocide. It is a powerful oxidant and is used in bleaching and disinfectants.

The use of chlorine as a micro-biocide and water disinfectant is declining because of safety, environmental and community impact considerations. According to the MSDS for chlorine, this chemical is highly toxic, corrosive, and may be fatal if inhaled. It is considered to be a marine pollutant, and in the upper atmosphere, chlorine atoms have been implicated in destruction of the ozone layer. An environmentally sound alternative to chlorine and other oxidizing biocides is needed.

Various alternatives to chlorine use have been explored, including bleach, bleach with bromide, bromochlorodimethyl hydantoin (BBCDMH), non-oxidizing biocides, ozone, ultraviolet, chlorine dioxide, sodium chlorite, chloramine (chlorine & ammonia), copper-silver ionization, and thermal disinfection. Alternative devices include chlorinators, electrically generated ozonators, and copper/silver cathodes which use electrical activity to cause the release of silver and copper ions into drinking water. Each chemical and device offers some unique advantages, but each has distinct disadvantages.

The HOCl of NEW^© is found to have the advantages of other biocidal alternates without their disadvantages. Categories of objective analysis include: efficacy, safety, taste and odors, impact on equipment and systems, effect on scale, biofilm, residual effects, ease of use, maintenance and cost.

NEW^© is a mixed-oxidant solution. Although it is measured and dosed as free available chlorine, it exhibits behavioral traits associated with a more active chlor-oxygen chemistry than traditional chlorine. In contrast to other chlorine technologies, mixed oxidants such as NEW^© offer superior disinfection efficacy, elimination of biofilm, more durable chlorine residual levels, and reduced formation of disinfection by-products. Mixed oxidants readily oxidize ammonia, sulfides, iron and manganese, and can cause a micro flocculation effect (reduction in turbidity) in pretreatment. In addition, mixed oxidants offer improved taste and odor. NEW^©, even at residual levels over 12 ppm in treated water, leaves minimal to no odor or chlorine taste.

Production of NEW^© is similar to the process of fabricating standard sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), with one significant difference. Sodium hypochlorite combines Cl₂ with caustic soda (lye) to stabilize chlorine. The manufacture of NEW^© eliminates the use of caustic soda by instead using high rejection membrane technology to produce pure HOCl.  With the sodium removed, the benefits of HOCl become immediately evident when used as a biocide. Elimination of lye makes disinfection possible without the high pH elements associated with sodium hypochlorite. NEW^© exists at a neutral pH (7-8), thereby delivering high efficacy in short contact times without the use of caustics. The human body pH level is approximately 7.3, therefore NEW^© falls within the range where it is safe to the human body.

Independent research has confirmed that the effectiveness of NEW^© on reducing total microbial counts is superior to that of sodium hypochlorite. The biocidal activity of HOCl generated by the current ECA technology is 300 times more active than the sodium hypochlorite generated by earlier systems. Sodium hypochlorite or gaseous chlorine at the same concentration as that found in NEW^© leads to slower microbial kill and more corrosion when tested per ASTM guidelines.

Activated solutions such as NEW^© have been conclusively shown to exceed chemically-derived equivalents both in low dosage effectiveness as well as physicochemical purity. This heightened biocidal capacity relative to traditional chemical solutions permits the use of NEW^© at lower dose rates, decreasing the risk of adverse environmental impact.

Efficacy of NEW^©

Biofilm

A biofilm is a complex aggregation of microorganisms, including bacteria, protozoa and algae. Biofilms are usually found on solid substrates submerged in or exposed to an aqueous solution, and given sufficient resources for growth, will quickly grow to be macroscopic. In industrial environments, biofilms can develop throughout plants and on food processing equipment, which can lead to clogging, corrosion and rampant contamination. Reductions of biofilms in industrial facilities can result in substantial thermal efficiency improvements.

Biofilms are comprised of organisms which are closely packed and firmly attached to each other and usually a solid surface. Formation of a biofilm begins with the attachment of free-floating microorganisms to a surface. If the first colonists are not immediately separated from the surface, they can anchor themselves more permanently using cell adhesion molecules such as pili. The first colonists facilitate the arrival of other cells by providing more adhesion sites and building the matrix that holds the biofilm together. Once colonization has begun, the biofilm grows through a combination of cell division and recruitment, and may continue to change in shape and size.

Bacteria living in a biofilm usually have significantly different properties from free-floating bacteria of the same species because the dense and protected environment of the film allows them to cooperate and interact in various ways. This environment allows the bacteria to develop increased resistance to detergents and antibiotics, as the dense extracellular matrix and the outer layer of cells protect the interior of the community.

Traditionally, there have been several strategies for preventing or removing biofilm, including:

• using bactericidal compounds to chemically kill bacteria
• using liquid or gas dispersants to break up the biofilm
• using mechanical means to physically remove biofilms
• using enzymes or chelants to weaken the biofilm structure

In the past, no traditional strategies have been proven to be completely effective against biofilm. Even high levels of disinfectant cannot eliminate pathogens within even small amounts of scale. Because biofilm is attached to the substrate by virtue of an electrical charge, dislodgement must be accomplished by disturbance of the charge – therefore very few chemicals are effective.

Now, researchers have been demonstrating the success of the use of electrochemically activated water as an effective alternative for removing biofilm. Results of the studies described below demonstrate the efficacy of NEW^© on the complete removal of biofilm from surfaces and tubing.

Study:  Biofilm Removal from Surfaces

A study was performed to research the removal of mature biofilm by application of electrochemically activated water. Figure 2a shows the mature biofilm control. Results show that exposure of the biofilm to a 1:00 dilution of electrochemically activated water did not yield any noticeable removal of the biofilm (Fig 2b); however, a 1:10 dilution and an undiluted solution resulted in the dispersion and removal of the biofilm after a 20 min exposure (Figures 2c and 2d).

Study: Biofilm Removal from Tubing

A study was performed to demonstrate the removal of biofilm from 12 year old tubing from the return line of a boat. The original piece of tubing was cut in half, and each half was placed in either H₂O or freshly-generated NEW^© (HOCl). The pieces of tubing were allowed to incubate at room temperature for one hour. Results show complete removal of biofilm for the portion of tubing soaked in NEW^©_. This proves that NEW^© can safely and effectively be used to remove biofilm from lines in any industrial application, instead of using dangerous chemicals which may leave behind toxic residuals.

Microorganisms

NEW^© has a strong bactericidal effect on most known pathogenic bacteria due to its high oxidation-reduction potential (ORP > 800 mV). This non-toxic oxidized antimicrobial solution capable of killing many pathogens in less than a minute. Since NEW^© consists of both HOCl and OCl^–, it is believed that the bactericidal action exhibited is due to the combination of these substances. Based on various bactericidal, fungicidal and sporicidal testing performed to date, NEW^© has proven to be a high-level disinfectant, substantially reducing pathogens without the use of costly toxic chemicals.

Destruction of most vegetative cells of bacteria, molds, and parasites is usually not difficult because they are sensitive to heat and chemicals. However, many organisms excrete extracellular polysaccharides and form biofilms that protect individual cells, and can be quite difficult to remove from surfaces and manufacturing equipment using traditional methods and chemicals. Studies have shown that NEW^© can remove biofilm and scale from manufacturing equipment, thus greatly minimizing a major contributor to contamination problems.

Molds, Clostridium spp., and Bacillus spp. form spores that are resistant to heat, acids, and other compounds. Parasites also produce resistant cells called cysts, and virus particles are notoriously resistant to heat, chemicals, and drying. NEW^© has been proven to be an effective sporicidal, and provides rapid reduction of spores and cysts.

Over time, microbes evolve to become resistant to some sanitizers and disinfectants. Because NEW^© effectively destroys microorganisms, they cannot build up resistance to NEW^© as they can to other sanitizers and disinfectants.

NEW^© gives a much quicker inactivation rate of a wider range of microorganisms than traditional chlorination technologies, and therefore decreases the risk of waterborne diseases, outbreaks, and illnesses. NEW^© has been successfully tested against the variety of microorganisms listed below, including several different biological weapons agents:

• Bacillus anthracis (anthrax)
• Bacillus cereus
• Bacillus stearothermophilus
• Bacillus subtilis spores
• Bacteriophage (F2)
• Clostridium perfringens spores
• Coliphage MS2
• Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst
• Escherichia coli
• Francisella tularensis
• Giardia lamblia cyst
• Giardia muris cyst
• Hepatitis A virus
• Hepatitis virus analog (F2)
• Klebsiella terrigena
• Legionella pneumophila
• Listeria monocytogenes
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa
• Salmonella typhimurium
• Staphylococcus aureus
• Vaccinia virus (smallpox)
• Vibrio cholerae
• Yersinia pestis (plague)

Bacterial Kill Study

A study was performed to determine the percentage of kill of different bacterial strains using different concentrations of the active component of NEW^© produced using 3% NaCl. Bacteria were exposed to NEW^© concentrations of Undiluted, 1:10, and 1:20. Results appear in Table 2, and showed that the NEW^© gave 100% kill of all of the test strains at concentrations of Undiluted and 1:10. At a 1:20 dilution, variable kill percentages were observed, indicating variable susceptibility of different bacteria at dilute concentrations. In general, at the most dilute concentration (1:20), NEW^© was more effective against gram positive organisms.

Table 2:  Percentage Kill of Bacterial Strains at Different NEW^© Concentrations

		NEW© Concentration
Bacterial Strain	Gram Stain	Undiluted	1:10	1:20
Bacillus subtilis	+	100	100	78
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	–	100	100	87
Acinetobacter calcoaceticus	–	100	100	100
Lactobacillus brevis	+	100	100	100
Micrococcus luteus	+	100	100	100
Streptococcus faecalis	+	100	100	31
Pseudomonas fluorescens	–	100	100	66
Staphylococcus aureus	+	100	100	100
Pseudomonas alcaligenes	–	100	100	52
Pseudomonas medocina	–	100	100	88
Pseudomonas putida	–	100	100	90
Bacillus cereus	+	100	100	92
Micrococcus roseus	+	100	100	100
Pseudomonas stutzeri	–	100	100	57
Pseudomonas syringae	–	100	100	87

Daphnia magna Study

A study was performed to research the toxicity of the active component of NEW^© on Daphnia magna, a water flea commonly used in toxicity studies on aquatic organisms. The study involved 21 day full life-cycle testing measuring two endpoints, mortality and reproduction. The Daphnia clone used was of Finnish origin from the North Savo Regional Environmental Center in Kuopio, Finland. Results of the study showed that no significant differences were found in the reproduction of Daphnia magna in all tested media. The mortality of Daphnias during testing was <10%, with only one Daphnia dying during the study. There were no differences observed in the size and weight at the endpoint of experiments between Daphnia magna grown in the test samples and in the control. It was concluded that no chronic toxicity effects were observed for Daphnia magna grown in the presence of the active component of NEW^©.